Tenses

A. Definition of Tenses

           The word 'tense' comes from the Latin word 'tempus' which means time. Even so tense and time are very different. As explained by grammar experts, Mr. As Hornby, the words TIME and TENSE are very different. The word TIME refers to the division of time which consists of three parts, namely lamapu time (past), present time (present) and time ahead (future). Whereas TENSES refers to verb forms that change because of the influence of the past, present and future. Not only influenced by past, present and future, the change of verbs in tenses also indicates whether an event has been, has been or will be finished or the event is taking place at a certain time.

B. Types of Tenses

          From the understanding of tenses above, we know that tenses are based on three types of time, namely past, present and future. Not only that in English, tenses are identified whether the event is completed (perfect) or in progress (continuous / progressive). These things affect the types of tenses.There are 12 types of tenses which are divided into 4 parts past, 4 parts present and 4 parts for future. The types of tenses are:

1.Simple Past Tense
2.Past continuous Tense 

3.Past Perfect Tense

4.Past Perfect Continuous Tense
5.Simple Present Tense
6.Present Continuous Tense
7.Present Perfect Tense
8.Present Perfect Continuous Tense
9.Simple Future Tense
10.Future Continuous Tense
11.Future Perfect Tense
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Sources

Read More

Verbs

A. Definition of Verbs
           "Verb is the most complex part of speech." That is Marcella Frank's blessing in his book Modern English Grammar. Yup, verbs is the most ruwed part of speech. Why is said verbs ruwed because the function of verbs in a sentence can determine what type of sentence it is - stetements, questions, commands, exclamations. Not only that, the form of verbs is also varied which can be influenced by the perpetrator, the amount and time used. But what exactly are Verbs ?? Verbs are one of the parts of speech that become the central core of a sentence that serves to show an action of the subject (actor), shows an event or condition.

B. Types of Verbs
            Based on the compliment (complement) of the verbs, verbs are divided into three, namely:
1. Predicating or Linking Verbs
            Predicating is a type of verb 'action' or a verb that requires action.
 Example:The babies cry.She wrote a letter.I remember him.
Whereas linking verbs is a verb connecting between subject and compliment or its complement. Example:The girl is pretty.She is a pretty girl.
2. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
           In short, transitive verbs are verbs that require an object while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require the existence of an object in a sentence. Consider the following example:
He is reading a book.
He is walking in the park.
Example
a. addressed the existence of a transitive verbs (reading) that requires the existence of an object that is a book.
b. indicates an intransitive verb (walking) with no accompanying objects. Prase 'in the park' in example b. is not an object, it is only an adverb of place (adverb of place).

Based on the shape, Verbs are divided into two, namely:
1. Auxiliary Verbs (Lexical Verbs)
           Auxiliary verbs are also referred to as auxiliary verbs that are used to add
(1) structural elements such as tense, voice, mood and aspects or to show a question and negative form or
(2) auxiliary verbs are also used to indicate ability, possibility or necessity. For more details, my friend can read further articles about Auxiliary Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Capital.

2. Finite and Non-finite (infinite) Verbs
         Finite and Non-finite verbs are determined by the function of each verbs in a sentence. Finite verbs are verbs that act as full verbs in a sentence both with and without auxiliaries (auxiliary verbs). The form of finite verbs can change depending on the performer, amount, time, and others.
Example:
- I am eating burger now.
- She eats burger everyday.
- She ate burgers last week.
         The three examples above show eating, eating, and ate are finite verb. Also note that the form of the finite verbs changes when there are changes in the subject, amount and time of the sentence.
         Whereas Non-finite verbs are verbs that serve as a complement rather than as core verbs in a sentence. Usually these non-finite verbs are in the form of to-infinitive (to go, to read, to eat) and the verb bent -ing and -ed (going, eating, talked).
Example:
- He likes to eat humburgers.
- He likes eating humberger.

C. Verbs Function
          In the definition of verbs above, verbs have actually been explained in a sentence. Verbs can function as a link between subject and complement, verbs also function as verbs in a sentence. The verbs function is so basic that other functions such as subject, object, and compliment are used in relation to the verbs themselves.

D. Verbs Position
          Verbs are usually used after subejects or before objects or supplements in a sentence. In some cases, Verbs can also appear before the subject if the sentence is in the form of questions (Questions). Consider the following example:
a. I eat candies.
b. He is a teacher.
c. Do they study the lesson?
Example
a. shows the position of the verbs located before the subject (I) and before the object (candies).
b. look at the position of Verbs located before the complement / complement (a teacher) that explains the subject (he).
c. Verbs are located before the subject (they) in a question sentence.

Sources

Read More

Definition, Types, Uses and Examples of Pronouns

           Pronouns are pronouns that state someone or something. This type of word has 3 types, namely:
1. Personal Pronouns
2. Positive Pronouns
3. Reflexive Pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns
           Namely people's pronouns. In sentences, these pronouns are used as subjects and as objects. Different uses make the shape change. For more details, see the table below

2. Possesive Pronoun
           POSSESSIVE PRONOUN is a type of English pronouns indicating ownership. Pronoun's example: Mine, Yours, Theirs, Ours, Hers, His, Its means "mine, yours, theirs, ours, or theirs."Use the Possessive Pronoun pronoun if the noun has been mentioned previously. So the speaker understands the person / object in question without mentioning it repeatedly. Consider the following example sentence.
1.This bag is mine. (This bag is mine.)
2.Is the brown dog yours? (Is this chocolate dog yours?)
3.This house is theirs. (This house is theirs.)
4.This is her car, not ours. (This is the car, not our car.)
5.My umbrella is black, while hers is gray. (My umbrella is black, while my umbrella is gray.)
6.I didn't bring any pencils so Andy lent me his. (I didn't bring a pencil so Andy lent me the pencil.)

3.  Reflexive pronoun
          REFLEXIVE PRONOUN is a type of English pronouns referring back to the Subject's sentence. Pronoun Examples: Myself, Yourself / Yourselves, Themselves, Ourselves, Herself, Himself, Itself.There are additions of -self for singular (one) nouns or -selves for plural nouns (multiple or multiple). If translated in Indonesian into "yourself ...". Consider the following example sentence.
1. I finished the task by myself. (I complete the task myself.)
2. Take care of yourself. (Take care of yourself.)
3. The kids cannot look after themselves. (Children cannot take care of themselves.)
4. We can paint by ourselves. (We can paint ourselves.)
5. Annie blamed herself for the accident. (Annie blames herself for the accident.)
6. Jack made himself a plate of friend rice. (Jack makes himself a plate of fried rice.)
7. My cat hurt itself. (My cat hurts itself.)

Sources 

Read More

Types, Uses and Examples of Articles

          Articles  in English are divided into two, namely definite articles (indefinite article) and indefinite articles (indefinite article.

1. DEFINITE ARTICLES
         Namely certain clothing in the form of the article "the". This article is used only in certain forms or combination of words. In general, these words are used to mark words that have been known before so that it shows a certain reference to that word. In addition, the word "the" is used for several other variations, namely:

a. Nouns that have been mentioned in the previous sentence.
Example:
- She has a doll. The doll is very big.
- They buy a story book. The story book is written by famous writer.

b. Phrases about a certain thing
Example:
- The girl in blue.
- The woman with scarf.

c. Nouns that only represent one certain thing.
Example:
- Rida in the class (in her class)
- The mails come on time (the mails we need.)

d. Superlative and ordinal numbers.
Example:
- the largest
- the biggest
- the first
- the second
- the third

e. The family name in the plural meaning family.
Example:
- The Jacks = Mr. and Mrs. Jack (and children)
- The Andrews = Mr. and Mrs. Andrew (and children)

f. Names of objects that are considered unique and second to none.
Example:
- the moon
- the sun
- the earth
- the sea
- the stars

g. A word that indicates a nation or a people collectively
- the Dutch
- the Balinese
- the Indonesian
- the Sundanese
- the French

h. Certain arrangement, namely:
- which represent a certain group:
The Singular + noun
 Example: The plane make life easier.

- which represent a certain group:
The + Adjective
  Example: The rich

- for names that have the following structure:
Noun + of + noun
 Example: The United States of America
- For names that have the following structure:
Adjective + noun
 Example: The National Gallery

- For names that use the following arrangement:
East / West etc. + noun
 Example: The East Indies.

i. Names of scriptures, places, seas, rivers, island groups, mountain ranges, regions and deserts.
Example:
- the Qur'an
- the Fatahilah Museum
- the Pangrango Hotel
- the sea cruiser
- the Yellow River
- the Atlantic Ocean
- the Karimata Strait
- the Philippine Islands

2. INDEFINITE ARTICLES
           The clothing articles grouped in the indefinite article are "a" and "an". This article means a. The word "a" is used for singular nouns that start with the sound of consonants (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) while "an" is used for nouns that start with vowels (a, i, u, e, o)

a. Examples of using the clothing "a":
- a pen
- a bag
- a book
- a chair
- a table

b. Examples of using the article "an":
- an eraser
- an elephant
- an hour
- an answer
- an eagle

In general, indefinite articles are used in the following specific forms:
a. In front of the rank / position name
Example:
- a teacher
- a doctor

b. In front of the nationality name
Example:
- an Indonesian
- an American

c. In front of the name of religion
- a Moslem
- a Christian

d. A single noun that can be counted and mentioned for the first time, and does not represent a particular person or thing.
- I stay in a hotel.
- I need a pen to write.

5. Before a single noun used as an example of a group of nouns.
Example:
- A teacher must be able to teach.

6. In writing a certain amount
Example:
- a lot of
- a couple of

7. To state certain unit prices
Example:
- Rp 1,000 a meter.
- $ 20 a kilo

8. In exciting sentences
Example:
-What a big school!

Sources

Read More

Definition, Singular and Plural Examples in Nouns

Noun is a word used to name abstract people, things, animals, places and concepts.
Countable nouns (countable nouns) can be divided into singular nouns (singular) and plural nouns (plural). Nouns in the singular can generally be changed to the plural with the following rules:

1. By adding "s":

2. By changing "f" or "fe" to "ves"

3. By changing "y" to "ies" if "y" is preceded by a consonant letter

4. Irregular Noun

Sources 

Read More